在全球能源轉(zhuǎn)型的大背景下，尋找清潔、可再生的能源成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組作為一種將沼氣轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的設(shè)備，正逐漸在能源領(lǐng)域嶄露頭角，為實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供了新的解決方案。

In the context of global energy transition, finding clean and renewable energy has become an urgent task. As a device that converts biogas into electrical energy, biogas generator sets are gradually emerging in the energy field, providing new solutions for achieving sustainable development.

沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組的工作原理

Working principle of biogas generator set

沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組主要由沼氣發(fā)酵系統(tǒng)、沼氣凈化系統(tǒng)、發(fā)電系統(tǒng)以及控制系統(tǒng)等部分組成 。首先，在沼氣發(fā)酵系統(tǒng)中，各種有機(jī)物質(zhì)，如畜禽糞便、秸稈、工業(yè)有機(jī)廢水等，在隔絕空氣、適宜的溫度和濕度條件下，經(jīng)過微生物的發(fā)酵作用產(chǎn)生沼氣。沼氣的主要成分是甲烷，還含有少量的二氧化碳、硫化氫等氣體 。

The biogas generator set mainly consists of a biogas fermentation system, a biogas purification system, a power generation system, and a control system. Firstly, in the biogas fermentation system, various organic substances such as livestock manure, straw, industrial organic wastewater, etc. are fermented by microorganisms under isolated air, suitable temperature and humidity conditions to produce biogas. The main component of biogas is methane, which also contains small amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.

產(chǎn)生的沼氣隨后進(jìn)入沼氣凈化系統(tǒng)，在這個系統(tǒng)中，通過脫硫、脫水等工藝，去除沼氣中的硫化氫、水分等雜質(zhì)。因為硫化氫會腐蝕發(fā)電設(shè)備，水分則可能影響燃燒效率和設(shè)備的正常運(yùn)行。經(jīng)過凈化后的沼氣，就可以作為燃料進(jìn)入發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。

The generated biogas then enters the biogas purification system, where impurities such as hydrogen sulfide and moisture are removed from the biogas through processes such as desulfurization and dehydration. Because hydrogen sulfide can corrode power generation equipment, moisture may affect combustion efficiency and the normal operation of equipment. After purification, biogas can be used as fuel to enter the power generation system.

發(fā)電系統(tǒng)通常采用內(nèi)燃機(jī)或燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)與發(fā)電機(jī)相連的方式。以常見的內(nèi)燃機(jī)為例，沼氣與空氣混合后進(jìn)入氣缸，在氣缸內(nèi)被壓縮并點(diǎn)燃，產(chǎn)生的高溫高壓氣體推動活塞往復(fù)運(yùn)動，通過曲軸將活塞的直線運(yùn)動轉(zhuǎn)化為旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動，進(jìn)而帶動發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電。控制系統(tǒng)則負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)測和調(diào)節(jié)整個發(fā)電過程，確保機(jī)組穩(wěn)定、高效運(yùn)行。

Power generation systems typically use internal combustion engines or gas turbines connected to generators. Taking a common internal combustion engine as an example, biogas is mixed with air and enters the cylinder, where it is compressed and ignited. The high-temperature and high-pressure gas generated drives the piston to reciprocate, and the crankshaft converts the piston's linear motion into rotational motion, thereby driving the generator to generate electricity. The control system is responsible for monitoring and regulating the entire power generation process to ensure stable and efficient operation of the unit.

沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組的發(fā)展歷程

The Development History of Biogas Generator Sets

沼氣發(fā)電的歷史可以追溯到 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代初期。當(dāng)時，國外為了高效利用在治理有機(jī)廢棄污染物中產(chǎn)生的沼氣，開始普遍使用往復(fù)式沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組進(jìn)行沼氣發(fā)電 。這些早期的沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)大多采用火花點(diǎn)火式，同時充分利用發(fā)電機(jī)組產(chǎn)生的排氣余熱和冷卻水余熱，使發(fā)電工程的綜合熱效率高達(dá) 80% 以上。

The history of biogas power generation can be traced back to the early 1970s. At that time, in order to efficiently utilize the biogas generated in the treatment of organic waste pollutants, reciprocating biogas generators were widely used for biogas power generation abroad. Most of these early biogas generators used spark ignition, while fully utilizing the exhaust waste heat and cooling water waste heat generated by the generator set, resulting in a comprehensive thermal efficiency of over 80% for the power generation project.

在我國，20 世紀(jì) 70 年代沼氣發(fā)電開始受到國家重視，眾多科研院所和廠家紛紛投入研究和試驗。到 80 年代中期，沼氣機(jī)、沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組已形成系列化產(chǎn)品 。如今，從 8 千瓦到 5000 千瓦各級容量的沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組均已先后鑒定和投產(chǎn)，主要產(chǎn)品包括全部使用沼氣的單燃料發(fā)電機(jī)組及部分使用沼氣的雙燃料沼氣 - 柴油發(fā)電機(jī)組。

In China, biogas power generation began to receive national attention in the 1970s, and numerous research institutes and manufacturers have invested in research and experimentation. By the mid-1980s, biogas machines and biogas generators had formed a series of products. Nowadays, biogas generator sets with capacities ranging from 8 kW to 5000 kW have been identified and put into operation. The main products include single fuel generator sets that use all biogas and some dual fuel biogas diesel generator sets that use biogas.

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