概述了瓦斯氣體特性及其發(fā)電技術(shù)的應(yīng)用方式，介紹了國(guó)內(nèi)外瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀，探討了內(nèi)燃機(jī)瓦斯發(fā)電的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)及工藝流程，成功運(yùn)行的典型案例證明了瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)的可行性和有效性。瓦斯是與煤炭共生的優(yōu)質(zhì)潔凈能源，其主要成分是CH4，但它又是一種溫室氣體，其溫室效應(yīng)是CO2的21倍．國(guó)際清潔能源組織要求各國(guó)盡可能地減少瓦斯向大氣中的排放．瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)作為新能源發(fā)電技術(shù)，將煤礦未能利用的瓦斯燃燒轉(zhuǎn)化成電能。瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)都是采用小型發(fā)電機(jī)組，常用的有燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)機(jī)組和內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組，它采用小型燃?xì)饽茉崔D(zhuǎn)換裝置和煙氣回?zé)峒夹g(shù)，在提高燃?xì)馊紵实耐瑫r(shí)，降低各環(huán)節(jié)的能源損耗，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)能源利用效能的最優(yōu)化。瓦斯熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)是分布式能源的一種典型應(yīng)用，將用戶的電力、采暖、供熱等多種需求整合在一起，進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)優(yōu)化，將發(fā)電后的余熱用于采暖或余熱發(fā)電，再將采暖后或余熱發(fā)電后的余熱用于解決熱水的供應(yīng)，這不僅緩解了電力的緊張，也合理利用了燃?xì)赓Y源，又降低了瓦斯氣對(duì)空氣的污染。目前，瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)不斷地發(fā)展，著力于降低發(fā)電成本，增強(qiáng)發(fā)電的穩(wěn)定性，從而可使瓦斯發(fā)電能夠更高效、穩(wěn)定地運(yùn)行。1、瓦斯特性及其發(fā)電技術(shù)1.1瓦斯特性煤礦瓦斯是指儲(chǔ)集在煤層中的一種非常規(guī)天然氣體，是在煤礦采煤過程中散發(fā)出來(lái)的一種有害氣體，無(wú)色、無(wú)味、易燃、易爆．它的主要成分是甲烷，當(dāng)空氣中甲烷的濃度達(dá)到5％～15％時(shí)，遇明火就極易發(fā)生爆炸。瓦斯是煤礦的“安全殺手”，但同時(shí)瓦斯也是一種具有較高利用價(jià)值的潔凈能源。我國(guó)煤層氣資源豐富，居世界第3位，每年在采煤的同時(shí)排放1.3×1010m3以上的瓦斯，約折合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤1.6×107t。過去除了少部分用于當(dāng)?shù)毓┡猓咚箾]有其他的利用途徑，未能得到充分利用，抽放出的瓦斯絕大部分排入大氣，不但造成資源的浪費(fèi)，還造成了大氣污染。1.2瓦斯氣開采的3種發(fā)電利用方式1.2.1燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)瓦斯發(fā)電通過直接在煤層上鉆孔開采出的瓦斯氣，含有的甲烷濃度高達(dá)90％以上，與天然氣相似，危險(xiǎn)系數(shù)相對(duì)較低。此類瓦斯氣可以加壓罐裝運(yùn)輸，也可以遠(yuǎn)距離管道輸送，因此多用于民用燃料(如天然氣汽車)和化工原料等。這類高濃度的瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)較容易控制，發(fā)電技術(shù)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定，一般采用燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)發(fā)電。然而由于這類高濃度瓦斯相當(dāng)寶貴，氣源也相對(duì)緊張。針對(duì)節(jié)能減排的瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)而言，這僅是瓦斯發(fā)電發(fā)展的最初階段。

　　This article provides an overview of the characteristics of gas and its application in power generation technology, introduces the current status of gas power generation technology at home and abroad, explores the key technologies and process flow of internal combustion engine gas power generation, and demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of gas power generation technology through typical cases of successful operation. Gas is a high-quality clean energy source that coexists with coal. Its main component is CH4, but it is also a greenhouse gas with a greenhouse effect 21 times that of CO2. The International Clean Energy Organization requires countries to minimize the emission of gas into the atmosphere as much as possible. Gas power generation technology, as a new energy generation technology, converts the unused gas in coal mines into electricity through combustion. Gas power generation technology uses small generator sets, commonly including gas turbine units and internal combustion engine generator sets. It adopts small gas energy conversion devices and flue gas reheating technology to improve gas combustion efficiency while reducing energy losses in various links, thereby achieving optimal energy utilization efficiency. Gas cogeneration is a typical application of distributed energy, which integrates users' various needs such as electricity, heating, and heating, coordinates and optimizes them, and uses the waste heat generated after power generation for heating or waste heat power generation, and then uses the waste heat generated after heating or waste heat power generation to solve the problem of hot water supply. This not only alleviates the shortage of electricity, but also makes reasonable use of gas resources and reduces the pollution of gas to the air. At present, gas power generation technology is constantly developing, focusing on reducing power generation costs and enhancing power generation stability, so as to enable gas power generation to operate more efficiently and stably. 1. Gas Characteristics and Power Generation Technology 1.1 Gas Characteristics Coal mine gas refers to an unconventional natural gas stored in coal seams, which is a harmful gas emitted during coal mining. It is colorless, odorless, flammable, and explosive. Its main component is methane. When the concentration of methane in the air reaches 5% to 15%, it is highly prone to explosion when exposed to open flames. Gas is the "safety killer" of coal mines, but at the same time, gas is also a clean energy source with high utilization value. China has abundant coalbed methane resources, ranking third in the world. Every year, more than 1.3 × 1010m3 of gas is emitted during coal mining, which is equivalent to 1.6 × 107t of standard coal. In the past, apart from a small portion used for local heating, there were no other ways to fully utilize the gas, and the vast majority of the extracted gas was discharged into the atmosphere, causing not only waste of resources but also air pollution. 1.2 Three power generation utilization methods for gas extraction 1.2.1 Gas turbine gas power generation The gas extracted directly from coal seams through drilling contains methane with a concentration of over 90%, similar to natural gas, and has a relatively low risk factor. This type of gas can be transported in pressurized cans or through long-distance pipelines, making it commonly used for civilian fuel (such as natural gas vehicles) and chemical raw materials. This type of high concentration gas power generation technology is relatively easy to control and stable, usually using gas turbines for power generation. However, due to the high concentration of such gas being quite valuable, the gas source is also relatively tight. For gas power generation technology aimed at energy conservation and emission reduction, this is only the initial stage of its development.

　　1.2.2內(nèi)燃機(jī)瓦斯發(fā)電通過煤礦井下瓦斯抽放系統(tǒng)和地面輸送系統(tǒng)開采瓦斯。這類瓦斯一般是煤礦開采時(shí)的附屬氣體，其瓦斯?jié)舛茸兓^大，約在3％～80％之間，氣體流量也不穩(wěn)定。這類瓦斯是在煤礦采煤過程中通過負(fù)壓風(fēng)機(jī)抽取到地面的，當(dāng)瓦斯?jié)舛容^低而接近于瓦斯的爆炸濃度范圍(5％～15％)時(shí)，遇明火則容易爆炸。為了安全起見，這類瓦斯的利用需根據(jù)其濃度大小來(lái)確定。在關(guān)于瓦斯氣的調(diào)研中，發(fā)現(xiàn)有些煤礦把濃度大于40％的高瓦斯無(wú)償供給當(dāng)?shù)鼐用袷褂没螯c(diǎn)燃排空，而濃度低于40％的瓦斯就直接排空或點(diǎn)燃排放。這類瓦斯的利用率較低，但卻有很高的發(fā)電利用價(jià)值，因此現(xiàn)階段大多是針對(duì)此類瓦斯的發(fā)電技術(shù)研究開發(fā)，是最可行的節(jié)能減排的瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)。目前，這類瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)只能把大于30％濃度的瓦斯用來(lái)發(fā)電．由于瓦斯爆炸濃度范圍的上限隨著瓦斯壓力的提高而升高，為了安全起見，煤礦抽放瓦斯發(fā)電常用燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電工藝(要求供氣壓力不高于0.05MPa，爆炸濃度范圍上限大于15％)，而采用燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)發(fā)電工藝(要求供氣壓力大于0.7MPa，爆炸濃度范圍上限大于30％)。燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃發(fā)電機(jī)組通過將空氣和瓦斯的混合氣體加壓，電子點(diǎn)火爆燃做功，推動(dòng)活塞移動(dòng)，曲軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)帶動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電，典型的抽放瓦斯燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電工藝流程見圖1。1.2.3乏風(fēng)瓦斯發(fā)電典型的乏風(fēng)瓦斯發(fā)電工藝流程見圖2。在煤炭開采過程中，為了保證礦工呼吸到新鮮空氣，必須向井下壓送潔凈空氣，而從井下通風(fēng)排出來(lái)的廢氣則稱為乏風(fēng)，其中含有微量的瓦斯，甲烷濃度一般低于1％，這部分瓦斯也會(huì)造成能源的浪費(fèi)和對(duì)大氣環(huán)境的污染。煤礦乏風(fēng)瓦斯發(fā)電是將瓦斯(甲烷)濃度大于0.2％的乏風(fēng)送入氧化器進(jìn)行無(wú)焰燃燒，通過瓦斯燃燒的能量來(lái)穩(wěn)定燃燒過程，達(dá)到銷毀瓦斯的目的，同時(shí)可以利用換熱器吸收燃燒過程的余熱來(lái)制取蒸汽或熱水。蒸汽可以帶動(dòng)汽輪機(jī)進(jìn)行發(fā)電，熱水可以供熱或制冷。2、我國(guó)瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀在20世紀(jì)80年代，美國(guó)、英國(guó)和澳大利亞等國(guó)家就開始利用瓦斯發(fā)電。最初的瓦斯發(fā)電都采用燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)發(fā)電，由于燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)一般都要對(duì)瓦斯進(jìn)行壓力提升，而瓦斯氣體在高溫加壓的情況下會(huì)提高爆炸上限，即此時(shí)低濃度瓦斯容易著火爆炸。因此，燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)發(fā)電一般要求瓦斯?jié)舛容^高(一般40％以上)，當(dāng)瓦斯?jié)舛茸兊蜁r(shí)，就停止發(fā)電運(yùn)行。另外，瓦斯?jié)舛冉档褪箟嚎s設(shè)備的壓縮量增大，從而使功耗增加，經(jīng)濟(jì)效率降低。我國(guó)的瓦斯發(fā)電起步較晚，第一座煤層氣發(fā)電示范項(xiàng)目——遼寧撫順礦務(wù)局的老虎臺(tái)電站——采用的是燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)發(fā)電，其瓦斯?jié)舛嚷源笥?0％。晉城礦務(wù)局的寺河煤礦最初采用的是2臺(tái)2000kW的燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)機(jī)組，其瓦斯?jié)舛葹?5％～65％。由于燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)機(jī)組不能適應(yīng)濃度稍低的瓦斯，因此限制了瓦斯發(fā)電的利用。然而內(nèi)燃機(jī)瓦斯發(fā)電機(jī)組的出現(xiàn)，使甲烷濃度高于30％的瓦斯得到充分的利用。目前一些國(guó)外品牌的內(nèi)燃機(jī)瓦斯發(fā)電機(jī)組企業(yè)已進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)，其中美國(guó)的卡特比勒、奧地利的顏巴赫和德國(guó)的道依茨都是在我國(guó)運(yùn)作成功的品牌企業(yè)。國(guó)內(nèi)也有不少企業(yè)成功研發(fā)了內(nèi)燃機(jī)瓦斯發(fā)電機(jī)組，并且在一些煤礦得到廣泛應(yīng)用。山西的晉城五里廟煤礦建成了國(guó)內(nèi)第一個(gè)內(nèi)燃機(jī)瓦斯發(fā)電項(xiàng)目，采用山東勝動(dòng)集團(tuán)的400kW內(nèi)燃機(jī)瓦斯發(fā)電機(jī)組，其機(jī)組適應(yīng)的瓦斯?jié)舛仍?0％以上。另外，現(xiàn)行使用內(nèi)燃機(jī)瓦斯發(fā)電機(jī)組的國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)還有江蘇啟東寶駒、濟(jì)南柴油機(jī)廠、淄博柴油機(jī)廠等。隨著國(guó)家對(duì)新能源開發(fā)支持的力度越來(lái)越大，很多企業(yè)也逐漸注重瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)的發(fā)展，目前的內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組對(duì)瓦斯?jié)舛鹊倪m應(yīng)性也越來(lái)越好，機(jī)組單機(jī)容量越來(lái)越大，自動(dòng)化程度越來(lái)越高，瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)日臻成熟，對(duì)瓦斯發(fā)電電站的管理也日益完善，使瓦斯資源能夠得到更充分的利用。從山西的調(diào)研情況看，瓦斯發(fā)電從最初的低效率、自動(dòng)化水平低、個(gè)體經(jīng)營(yíng)的小容量牛棚電站逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦咝省⒆詣?dòng)化程度高、大發(fā)電企業(yè)主導(dǎo)的大規(guī)模大容量瓦斯電站。

　　1.2.2 Gas power generation using internal combustion engines is extracted through underground gas drainage systems and surface transportation systems in coal mines. This type of gas is generally an ancillary gas during coal mining, with a gas concentration that varies greatly, ranging from 3% to 80%, and the gas flow rate is also unstable. This type of gas is extracted to the ground through negative pressure fans during coal mining. When the gas concentration is low and close to the explosive concentration range of gas (5% to 15%), it is easy to explode when exposed to open flames. For safety reasons, the utilization of this type of gas needs to be determined based on its concentration. In the research on gas, it was found that some coal mines supply high gas with a concentration greater than 40% to local residents for free or ignite and discharge it, while gas with a concentration lower than 40% is directly discharged or ignited and discharged. The utilization rate of this type of gas is relatively low, but it has high value for power generation utilization. Therefore, at present, most of the research and development on power generation technology for this type of gas is focused on it, which is the most feasible energy-saving and emission reducing gas power generation technology. At present, this type of gas power generation technology can only use gas with a concentration greater than 30% for power generation. Due to the fact that the upper limit of gas explosion concentration range increases with the increase of gas pressure, for safety reasons, coal mine gas drainage power generation commonly uses gas internal combustion engine power generation technology (requiring a supply pressure not higher than 0.05 MPa and an upper limit of explosion concentration range greater than 15%), while using gas turbine power generation technology (requiring a supply pressure greater than 0.7 MPa and an upper limit of explosion concentration range greater than 30%). The gas internal combustion engine generator set generates electricity by pressurizing a mixture of air and gas, electronically igniting and detonating to work, pushing the piston to move, and the crankshaft to rotate and drive the generator. The typical process flow of gas extraction gas internal combustion engine power generation is shown in Figure 1. 1.2.3 The typical process flow of exhaust gas power generation is shown in Figure 2. In the process of coal mining, in order to ensure that miners breathe fresh air, clean air must be pressurized underground. The exhaust gas discharged from underground ventilation is called exhaust gas, which contains trace amounts of gas, with methane concentration generally below 1%. This gas can also cause energy waste and pollution to the atmospheric environment. Coal mine exhaust gas power generation is the process of sending exhaust gas (methane) with a concentration greater than 0.2% into an oxidizer for flameless combustion. The energy from gas combustion is used to stabilize the combustion process and achieve the goal of destroying gas. At the same time, heat exchangers can be used to absorb the waste heat from the combustion process to produce steam or hot water. Steam can drive a steam turbine to generate electricity, while hot water can provide heating or cooling. 2. The current development status of gas power generation technology in China began in the 1980s, when countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia began to use gas power generation. The initial gas power generation used gas turbines for power generation. As gas turbines generally need to increase the pressure of gas, the explosion limit of gas will be raised under high temperature and pressure, which means that low concentration gas is prone to ignition and explosion. Therefore, gas turbine power generation generally requires a high gas concentration (usually above 40%), and when the gas concentration decreases, the power generation operation is stopped. In addition, the decrease in gas concentration increases the compression capacity of the compression equipment, resulting in an increase in power consumption and a decrease in economic efficiency. China's gas power generation started relatively late, and the first coalbed methane power generation demonstration project - the Laohutai Power Station of Liaoning Fushun Mining Bureau - used gas turbines for power generation, with a gas concentration slightly higher than 40%. The Sihe Coal Mine of Jincheng Mining Bureau initially used two 2000kW gas turbine units with a gas concentration of 55% to 65%. Due to the inability of gas turbine units to adapt to slightly lower concentrations of gas, the utilization of gas power generation is limited. However, the emergence of internal combustion engine gas generator sets has fully utilized gas with methane concentrations higher than 30%. At present, some foreign brands of internal combustion engine gas generator companies have entered the Chinese market, among which Caterpillar from the United States, Jenbach from Austria, and Deutz from Germany are all successful brand enterprises operating in China. Many domestic enterprises have successfully developed internal combustion engine gas generator sets, which have been widely used in some coal mines. The Wulimiao coal mine in Jincheng, Shanxi has completed the first domestic internal combustion engine gas power generation project, using Shandong Shengdong Group's 400kW internal combustion engine gas generator set, which can adapt to gas concentrations of over 30%. In addition, domestic enterprises currently using internal combustion engine gas generator sets include Jiangsu Qidong Baoju, Jinan Diesel Engine Factory, Zibo Diesel Engine Factory, etc. With the increasing support of the country for the development of new energy, many enterprises are gradually paying attention to the development of gas power generation technology. Currently, the adaptability of internal combustion engine generator sets to gas concentration is also getting better. The single unit capacity of the unit is getting larger and the degree of automation is getting higher. Gas power generation technology is becoming more mature, and the management of gas power plants is also becoming more perfect, so that gas resources can be more fully utilized. From the research in Shanxi, it can be seen that gas power generation has gradually transformed from the initial low efficiency, low automation level, and small capacity cowshed power stations operated by individuals to high-efficiency, highly automated, and large-scale gas power stations dominated by large power generation enterprises.

　　3、內(nèi)燃機(jī)瓦斯發(fā)電的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)內(nèi)燃機(jī)瓦斯發(fā)電存在的問題及技術(shù)難點(diǎn)可以歸納為氣源品質(zhì)處理和進(jìn)入發(fā)電機(jī)前瓦斯氣的濃度、氣量的控制。3.1瓦斯氣的品質(zhì)處理目前用來(lái)發(fā)電的瓦斯大多數(shù)都是煤礦為了安全生產(chǎn)而從井下抽放的瓦斯氣，這些瓦斯氣的品質(zhì)決定著瓦斯發(fā)電機(jī)組的運(yùn)行情況，因此在瓦斯氣進(jìn)入內(nèi)燃機(jī)之前要對(duì)其進(jìn)行一系列的處理，以滿足發(fā)電機(jī)對(duì)氣體的運(yùn)行要求，具體包括以下4種處理方式。（1）降低瓦斯氣含水量：從井下抽放出來(lái)的瓦斯氣都含有大量水蒸氣，必須對(duì)瓦斯氣進(jìn)行脫水除濕，以降低瓦斯氣中的水分含量。目前多采用冷凝排水來(lái)降低水分。（2）去除瓦斯氣中的雜質(zhì)：抽放出來(lái)的瓦斯氣會(huì)摻雜著粉塵及其他有害氣體。采用過濾器除去粉塵，并根據(jù)氣體的物理性質(zhì)采用冷凝氣體析出有害氣體。（3）調(diào)節(jié)瓦斯氣的壓力：其穩(wěn)壓過程一般有兩個(gè)階段。一是礦井抽放瓦斯氣階段。由于井下各方面條件的制約，從礦井抽出的瓦斯氣體的壓力和濃度都在不斷地變化，甚至出現(xiàn)較大的變化。此時(shí)不能直接把瓦斯氣送入發(fā)電機(jī)組，而是先把瓦斯氣送人儲(chǔ)氣柜，而這個(gè)儲(chǔ)氣柜對(duì)抽放到地面的瓦斯氣起著穩(wěn)壓緩沖的作用。二是瓦斯氣進(jìn)入發(fā)電機(jī)組階段。內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組要求進(jìn)入的瓦斯氣必須滿足特定的壓力條件。為此應(yīng)采用變頻羅茨風(fēng)機(jī)，根據(jù)壓力的具體要求來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)氣體的穩(wěn)定壓力。（4）控制瓦斯氣進(jìn)入發(fā)電機(jī)前的溫度：內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組嚴(yán)格要求瓦斯氣的進(jìn)氣溫度，由于外界的溫度也能影響到管道內(nèi)瓦斯氣的溫度，因此需要根據(jù)季節(jié)及外界氣溫的變化而對(duì)瓦斯氣的溫度進(jìn)行測(cè)量和調(diào)節(jié)控制。一般瓦斯氣體溫度都高于進(jìn)氣溫度，因此要求裝有降溫裝置，在夏天氣溫較高時(shí)，投入裝置；其他季節(jié)可根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)販囟惹闆r，切除降溫裝置。

　　3. The key technology of internal combustion engine gas power generation can be summarized as the problems and technical difficulties of gas source quality treatment and the control of gas concentration and volume before entering the generator. 3.1 Quality Treatment of Gas Gas Currently, most of the gas used for power generation is extracted from underground coal mines for safety production. The quality of these gas gases determines the operation of the gas generator unit. Therefore, before entering the internal combustion engine, a series of treatments must be carried out to meet the gas operation requirements of the generator, including the following four treatment methods. (1) Reduce the moisture content of gas: The gas extracted from underground contains a large amount of water vapor, and it is necessary to dehydrate and dehumidify the gas to reduce the moisture content in the gas. Currently, condensation drainage is commonly used to reduce moisture. (2) Removing impurities from gas: The extracted gas will be mixed with dust and other harmful gases. Use a filter to remove dust and condense harmful gases based on the physical properties of the gas. (3) Adjusting the pressure of gas: The stabilization process generally has two stages. One is the stage of extracting gas from the mine. Due to the constraints of various underground conditions, the pressure and concentration of gas extracted from the mine are constantly changing, even showing significant changes. At this time, the gas cannot be directly sent to the generator set. Instead, the gas is first sent to the gas storage tank, which plays a stabilizing and buffering role for the gas pumped to the ground. The second stage is when gas enters the generator set. The gas entering the internal combustion engine generator set must meet specific pressure conditions. For this purpose, a variable frequency Roots blower should be used to adjust the stable pressure of the gas according to specific pressure requirements. (4) Control the temperature of gas before entering the generator: Internal combustion engine generator sets strictly require the inlet temperature of gas. Since the external temperature can also affect the temperature of gas in the pipeline, it is necessary to measure and adjust the temperature of gas according to the season and changes in external temperature. Generally, the temperature of gas is higher than the inlet temperature, so it is required to install a cooling device. When the temperature is high in summer, the device should be put into operation; In other seasons, the cooling device can be removed according to the local temperature conditions.

　　3.2進(jìn)入發(fā)電機(jī)前瓦斯氣的濃度和氣量的控制瓦斯氣的濃度和氣量表現(xiàn)為瓦斯氣的熱值，即內(nèi)能．根據(jù)能量守恒定律，其發(fā)熱量的大小決定著燃?xì)鈾C(jī)組的發(fā)電量，即其濃度和氣量的大小直接影響到發(fā)電機(jī)組的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。由于抽放瓦斯?jié)舛炔粩嘧兓瑹o(wú)法從某一濃度計(jì)算發(fā)熱量，因此將瓦斯氣發(fā)熱量折合成純瓦斯來(lái)進(jìn)行計(jì)算。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，1m3純瓦斯氣大約可以發(fā)出3～3.5kWh電能。如果在正常發(fā)電運(yùn)行過程中，瓦斯?jié)舛鹊慕档突蛘咄咚箽饬髁康臏p少，即瓦斯氣發(fā)熱量的減少，會(huì)導(dǎo)致發(fā)電機(jī)組轉(zhuǎn)速降低，從而導(dǎo)致發(fā)出電能的頻率降低．當(dāng)瓦斯?jié)舛冉档突驓饬繙p少到一定程度，可能會(huì)引起內(nèi)燃機(jī)的失速，從而造成停機(jī)，甚至發(fā)生事故。如果瓦斯?jié)舛鹊纳呋蛘咄咚箽饬髁康脑龃螅赐咚箽獍l(fā)熱量增加，會(huì)使發(fā)電機(jī)組轉(zhuǎn)速增加，發(fā)出電能的頻率升高．同時(shí)，氣量和濃度的增大還會(huì)降低瓦斯氣的燃燒效率，造成能源不必要的浪費(fèi)。因此，瓦斯氣濃度和流量的合理配合控制是內(nèi)燃機(jī)瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)的重要環(huán)節(jié)，也是瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)中的難點(diǎn)。盡管許多瓦斯預(yù)處理企業(yè)對(duì)濃度和氣量的控制進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)開發(fā)研究，如通過對(duì)瓦斯氣參數(shù)的有效測(cè)量，通過DCS的控制平臺(tái)及線性的控制策略，可對(duì)瓦斯氣量和濃度小范圍的變化進(jìn)行有效調(diào)節(jié)和控制。

　　3.2 Control of Gas Concentration and Volume Before Entering the Generator The concentration and volume of gas are expressed as the calorific value of gas, i.e. internal energy. According to the law of conservation of energy, the magnitude of its calorific value determines the power generation of the gas turbine, which directly affects the operating status of the generator. Due to the constantly changing concentration of extracted gas, it is impossible to calculate the heat generation from a certain concentration. Therefore, the heat generation of gas is converted into pure gas for calculation. According to experience, 1m3 of pure gas can generate approximately 3-3.5kWh of electricity. If the concentration of gas decreases or the flow rate of gas decreases during normal power generation, that is, the heat generation of gas decreases, it will lead to a decrease in the speed of the generator set, resulting in a decrease in the frequency of electricity generation. When the concentration of gas decreases or the amount of gas decreases to a certain extent, it may cause the internal combustion engine to stall, resulting in shutdown or even accidents. If the concentration of gas increases or the flow rate of gas increases, that is, the heat generation of gas increases, it will increase the speed of the generator set and the frequency of electricity generation. At the same time, the increase in gas volume and concentration will also reduce the combustion efficiency of gas, causing unnecessary waste of energy. Therefore, the reasonable coordination and control of gas concentration and flow rate is an important part of internal combustion engine gas power generation technology, and also a difficult point in gas power generation technology. Although many gas pretreatment enterprises focus on the development and research of concentration and gas volume control, such as effective measurement of gas parameters, DCS control platform, and linear control strategy, it is possible to effectively adjust and control small range changes in gas volume and concentration.

　　瓦斯氣的濃度和流量具體控制如下：（1）瓦斯氣的濃度控制要求進(jìn)氣瓦斯?jié)舛炔坏陀?0％，為了生產(chǎn)的穩(wěn)定性和安全性，需嚴(yán)格控制瓦斯的濃度；（2）瓦斯氣的流量控制瓦斯發(fā)電機(jī)組對(duì)瓦斯進(jìn)氣壓力和燃?xì)饬慷加袊?yán)格的控制，瓦斯氣的流量控制可保證內(nèi)燃機(jī)的穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行。3.3內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組的運(yùn)行策略燃?xì)鈨?nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組單機(jī)機(jī)組容量較小，目前投入使用的常見單機(jī)機(jī)組容量有500kW，2000kW，4000kW。在大型的瓦斯電站中，需要多臺(tái)這樣的機(jī)組同時(shí)運(yùn)行。由于井下抽放的瓦斯氣量隨季節(jié)溫度的變化而變化，當(dāng)氣量充足時(shí)，發(fā)電機(jī)組可以全部投入滿負(fù)荷運(yùn)行；當(dāng)氣量不足時(shí)，是停運(yùn)其中的幾臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)還是對(duì)每臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)降負(fù)荷運(yùn)行以確保機(jī)組更有效率地運(yùn)行，這就涉及發(fā)電機(jī)機(jī)組的運(yùn)行策略。當(dāng)然，考慮到各臺(tái)機(jī)組的經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行，根據(jù)具體條件，采用適當(dāng)?shù)乃惴ǎ瑢で笞罱?jīng)濟(jì)的運(yùn)行模式。

　　The specific control of gas concentration and flow rate is as follows: (1) The concentration control of gas requires that the inlet gas concentration is not less than 30%. For the stability and safety of production, the concentration of gas needs to be strictly controlled; (2) The flow control of gas generator set has strict control over the gas inlet pressure and gas volume, and the flow control of gas can ensure the stable operation of internal combustion engine. 3.3 Operation strategy of internal combustion engine generator set Gas internal combustion engine generator set has a small single unit capacity, and the common single unit capacities currently in use are 500kW, 2000kW, and 4000kW. In large gas power plants, multiple such units need to operate simultaneously. Due to the variation of gas volume extracted underground with seasonal temperature, when the gas volume is sufficient, the generator set can be fully put into full load operation; When the gas volume is insufficient, whether to shut down several generators or reduce the load on each generator to ensure more efficient operation of the unit involves the operation strategy of the generator unit. Of course, considering the economic operation of each unit, appropriate algorithms will be adopted based on specific conditions to seek the most economical operating mode.

　　4、內(nèi)燃機(jī)燃?xì)庹羝獰犭娐?lián)產(chǎn)山西某瓦斯電站采用單機(jī)容量為2000kW的美國(guó)卡特彼勒G3520C型機(jī)組。該電站工程示例流程見圖3。在該電站中，每15臺(tái)內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組為一個(gè)發(fā)電單元，每個(gè)發(fā)電單元配置一臺(tái)容量為3000kW的汽輪機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組，作為余熱發(fā)電。煤礦抽放站利用水循環(huán)真空泵從井下抽出瓦斯，在通過儲(chǔ)氣柜簡(jiǎn)單的過濾穩(wěn)壓后，儲(chǔ)氣柜出來(lái)的瓦斯氣進(jìn)入瓦斯預(yù)處理站，瓦斯氣在預(yù)處理站中經(jīng)過脫水、除濕、除塵、精過濾，以及氣體濃度和壓力的控制等一系列處理并滿足發(fā)電機(jī)組的進(jìn)氣要求后，瓦斯氣進(jìn)入內(nèi)燃機(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)組發(fā)電。內(nèi)燃機(jī)排放的尾氣溫度大約為500℃通過3×6t／h的余熱鍋爐產(chǎn)生過熱蒸汽，供給額定容量為3000kW的汽輪機(jī)發(fā)電或給當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)和居民供熱。此外，內(nèi)燃機(jī)產(chǎn)生的缸套水也可給當(dāng)?shù)赜脩艄┡帷?nèi)燃機(jī)機(jī)組和汽輪機(jī)出口電壓為10.5kV，發(fā)出的電能通過升壓站升至220kV后并入電網(wǎng)。這種燃?xì)庹羝麩犭娐?lián)產(chǎn)發(fā)電模式對(duì)能源的利用效率極高，能夠較好實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)能減排的目的，是當(dāng)前大力推廣應(yīng)用的瓦斯利用發(fā)電模式。5、結(jié)語(yǔ)我國(guó)瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)處于發(fā)展的初級(jí)階段，盡管目前濃度高于30％的瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)已經(jīng)在高瓦斯地區(qū)得到廣泛應(yīng)用，但是由于瓦斯氣量和濃度不穩(wěn)定等客觀因素，瓦斯發(fā)電的穩(wěn)定性和可靠性仍然受到電力行業(yè)人士的質(zhì)疑。而且濃度低于30％的瓦斯發(fā)電技術(shù)還不成熟，在全球節(jié)能減排的形勢(shì)下，國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)企業(yè)都在不停地研發(fā)和探索，尋求更合理、更經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)電技術(shù)，以盡可能的把各濃度的瓦斯利用起來(lái)，造福于人類。

　　4. Internal combustion engine gas steam cogeneration - a gas power station in Shanxi Province uses a Caterpillar G3520C unit with a single capacity of 2000kW. The example process of the power station project is shown in Figure 3. In this power station, every 15 internal combustion engine generator sets are considered as one power generation unit, and each power generation unit is equipped with a steam turbine generator set with a capacity of 3000 kW as waste heat power generation. The coal mine drainage station uses a water circulation vacuum pump to extract gas from underground. After simple filtration and stabilization through a gas storage tank, the gas from the tank enters the gas pretreatment station. The gas undergoes a series of treatments such as dehydration, dehumidification, dust removal, fine filtration, as well as gas concentration and pressure control in the pretreatment station to meet the inlet requirements of the generator set. The gas then enters the internal combustion engine generator set for power generation. The exhaust temperature emitted by internal combustion engines is approximately 500 ℃, and superheated steam is generated through a 3 × 6t/h waste heat boiler to supply power to a steam turbine with a rated capacity of 3000kW or to provide heating for local enterprises and residents. In addition, the cylinder liner water generated by internal combustion engines can also provide heating for local users. The outlet voltage of the internal combustion engine unit and steam turbine is 10.5kV, and the generated electrical energy is boosted to 220kV through a booster station and then connected to the power grid. This gas steam cogeneration power generation mode has extremely high energy utilization efficiency and can achieve the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction. It is currently widely promoted and applied as a gas utilization power generation mode. 5. Conclusion: Gas power generation technology in China is still in its early stages of development. Although gas power generation technology with concentrations above 30% has been widely used in high gas areas, the stability and reliability of gas power generation are still questioned by professionals in the power industry due to objective factors such as unstable gas volume and concentration. Moreover, the gas power generation technology with a concentration below 30% is not yet mature. In the context of global energy conservation and emission reduction, relevant domestic and foreign enterprises are constantly researching and exploring more reasonable and economical power generation technologies to maximize the utilization of gas with different concentrations for the benefit of humanity.

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